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1/8/2009 Today, we discussed the syllabus and introduced ourselves to each other. I gave the following assignments: read chapter one in The Art of Public Speaking and read Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Exposition address. Also, please choose a topic for a persuasive speech. Your persuasive speech should be five minutes in length. You must document whatever research you use. There will be a question and answer session after you give your speech. We will also organize a debate in the following weeks on the subject of Booker T. Washington's arguments concerning race relations in the South.
Persuasive Speech Topics:
The Housing Crisis Led to the Collapse of Wall Street The Judicial System Is Broken The Speed Limit Should Be Raised Trickle Down Economics Doesn't Work Why People Should Read More Watching Television Relieves Stress Television Dulls the Mind Our Educational System Should Reward Independent Thinking Global Warming is Real Violence Is Not a Solution to Global Conflict Poverty Can Be Eliminated People Should Donate to Charitable Organizations More The Homocide Rate in America Can Be Reduced The American Diet Needs to Be Changed Artificial Flavors Are Dangerous Junk Food is Harmful A College Education is Valuable
Informative Speech Topics:
What causes a heart attack? What is cancer? How does the social security system work? How does the stock market work? How do people play golf/badminton/basketball/football/volleyball/track/tennis (or choose another sport if you have one)? How does legislation pass through Congress? What is the role of the vice president? What is the role of the president? How to Have a Successful Love Life How to Deal With Rejection Dealing with Failure How to deal with the Death of a Loved One What is solar energy? How does a car drive? How does electricity work? What is photosynthesis? What is the Large Hadron Collider? What is the Big Bang? What is a black hole? What are supernovae? What are the features of the moon? How does the sun produce energy? How can parents become more effective with their children? How can we protect the earth for future generations? How do airplanes fly? How does a cellphone function? How can students receive high grades in their courses? How can people balance work with family? How can people live happy, fulfilling lives? How can we deal with accidents and tragedy? How to lose weight How to maintain high self-esteem without seeming arrogant How to pay more attention to the people we love How to deal with financial problems How to deal with credit card debt How to deal with stress How to deal with illness How to challenge yourself to become more successful Why Should We Confront Our Fears How People Waste Their Lives How to Buy a Home What are germs? What is an STD? How to Discipline Your Children How to Transform Anger into a Positive Emotion THe importance of Silence How to Love Yourself How to Keep Up With All of Your Papers How to Manage Time Effectively How to Study Effectively How to Build Your Character How to Become a Good Cook How to Follow Your Intuition How to Deal with Betrayal How to Start a New Religion How to Recognize a Cult How to be an Anarchist What is Free Speech? What is democracy? How to Bring Peace How does a lie detector function? How to Hack a Computer How to Own Your Own Business How to Publish a Book How to Write a Book How to Meditate How to Manifest Your Potential How to Say No The importance of manners Eating Healthy What is Holistic Health? What is a vegan? How to run faster? How to Be a Wiccan? How to Support Your Spouse? What is Arrogance? How to Avoid Procrastination? Why Exercise is Important? How to find your purpose in life? How to find your niche? What is out of the body experience? How to Live a Long Life What causes sleepwalking? How to Hypnotize? How to Catch a Criminal? How to Collect Forensic Evidence?
1/13/09 Today, we discussed how we will organize the Booker T. Washington debate. We divided the class into two teams, one in support of Booker T. Washington's argument and the other against his argument. We also selected three judges. The link to Booker T. Washington's speech is here: Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Exposition Address The debate will begin on Thursday. There are three rounds for the debate: Round One, teams present their argument and three points supporting their argument in a five minute speech; Round Two, teams rebut the opposing team's argument in a five minute speech and then answer three questions from the opposing team; and Round Three, teams present their closing argument in a five minute speech. The judges then determine which team is victorious. The victorious team receives two times the grade each team member received. Each team member must write a one page assessment of what their team's argument was and of what he or she did during the debate. The judges must write a two page evaluation of how they analyzed each team's performance.
Do you have questions about my assignments? Would you like to participate in an online discussion about the topics in this class? Then go to my blog for this class: Dr. Comprone's Blog
Extra credit assignments are an excellent way to improve your grade. Also, if you make over 10 posts on my blog during the semester, you will receive an extra 5% on your final grade. 1/22/09 We finished the first round of our debate on Booker T. Washington. Both teams need to concentrate on reading less from their notes and focusing more on their audience. There are two more remaining rounds for the debate. Assignment: after next Tuesday, write a one page assessment of what your team's argument was during the debate and explain how you contributed to your team's argument.
1/29/09
We finished the Booker T. Washington debate. The for team won the debate against the second team. Please complete your persuasive speech next week. Your persuasive speech should have at least two sources of information, you should not simply read from your notes, and you should have a two minute opening argument, two minute rebuttal, and one minute closing statement, after which students and myself will ask you questions. You must present a persuasive speech before the midterm. You may contact me during office hours to rehearse your speech. Our next debate will be on Marcus Garvey and will be scheduled to begin the week after next. Please read the first chapter in the Art of Public Speaking.
2/10/09 Today, we will begin the Marcus Garvey debate. There are a few links that I would like you to examine: Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)"Explanation of the Objects of the Universal Negro Improvement Association"
New York City - July 1921
In the wake of World War I, a fiery Jamaican named Marcus Garvey created the largest black organization in America as well as a popular movement for African American self-reliance, racial pride, and economic power. Garvey inspired millions of African Americans with the dream of a separate, parallel society built on black-owned business and industry. He also preached about the need for international unity among peoples of African origin. Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was an ambitious, flamboyant, and doomed enterprise. From its Harlem office, the UNIA grew to hundreds of chapters in the U.S. and abroad. Garvey was a charismatic leader and an object of ridicule. He indulged a liking for parades and plumed military uniforms, which drew mockery from his opponents. He launched an array of business enterprises, including the Black Star Line, a shipping company. Bad management undermined Garvey's business schemes. The shipping line foundered. In 1923, Garvey was convicted of mail fraud for Black Star Line stock deals. He served two years in jail and was deported to Jamaica. Garvey was deeply influenced by Booker T. Washington's example of self-reliance and moral uplift, but did not agree with Washington's accommodating stance on race relations. Rather than compromise with white Americans, Garvey urged blacks to abandon them. He railed against race mixing and openly distrusted light-skinned blacks (who often dominated leadership positions in rival organizations such as the NAACP). One of Garvey's most controversial acts was to meet with Ku Klux Klan leaders in Atlanta in 1922 to demonstrate his agreement with the KKK's view on miscegenation. By all accounts, Marcus Garvey was a brilliant public speaker. He attracted much of his enormous political following with words. As a boy in Kingston, Jamaica, Garvey was captivated by raucous street debaters and the stirring cadences of black preachers. He practiced oratory at home, reading aloud from his school reader and watching himself in the mirror.1 In America, Garvey scolded blacks for abetting their own oppression through moral lassitude. "Sloth, neglect, indifference caused us to be slaves. Confidence, conviction, action will cause us to be free men today," he proclaimed.2 The Liberty Halls that Garvey and his followers bought in a number of major American cities became the center of UNIA activity. Garvey's home base was the Liberty Hall in Harlem, where nightly meetings drew up to six thousand people at a time.3 In July of 1921, Garvey recorded two short speeches on a 78 rpm record at a studio in New York. One side was a version of the UNIA's mission statement, "Explanation of the Objects of the Universal Negro Improvement Association," the other, a complaint about federal efforts to deny Garvey a reentry visa after a foreign trip.4 These are the only known recordings of the famous public speaker. Garvey's performance on the disc hardly sounds like the work of a stem-twisting orator, but bellowing into a lifeless microphone or a recording horn was nothing like exhorting a throng of excited followers. Many performers froze up-or at least stiffened-in front of the recording machine. The time limits of three to seven minutes on early discs and cylinders also made true oration difficult.5 Garvey's recorded speech is hard to hear at times. Early 78 rpm discs were prone to a high level of surface noise that competed with the music or voice being played back. Repeated playing made the problem worse as the surface of the disc wore away beneath the weight of a steel needle.6 The three-and-a-half-minute recording is less than a third the length of Garvey's complete membership appeal. Whether it was intended for mass production or simply to preserve Garvey's voice is unclear. Fellow citizens of Africa, I greet you in the name of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League of the World. You may ask, what organization is that? It is for me to inform you that the Universal Negro Improvement Association is an organization that seeks to unite into one solid body the 400 million Negroes of the world; to link up the 50 million Negroes of the United States of America, with the 20 million Negroes of the West Indies, the 40 million Negroes of South and Central America with the 280 million Negroes of Africa, for the purpose of bettering our industrial, commercial, educational, social and political conditions. As you are aware, the world in which we live today is divided into separate race groups and different nationalities. Each race and each nationality is endeavoring to work out its own destiny to the exclusion of other races and other nationalities. We hear the cry of England for the Englishman, of France for the Frenchman, of Germany for the Germans, of Ireland for the Irish, of Palestine for the Jews, of Japan for the Japanese, of China for the Chinese. We of the Universal Negro Improvement Association are raising the cry of Africa for the Africans, those at home and those abroad. There are 400 million Africans in the world who have Negro blood cours- ing through their veins. And we believe that the time has come to unite these 400 million people for the one common purpose of bettering their condition. The great problem of the Negro for the last 500 years has been that of disunity. No one or no organization ever took the lead in uniting the Negro race, but within the last four years the Universal Negro Improvement Association has worked wonders in bringing together in one fold four million organized Negroes who are scattered in all parts of the world, being in the 48 states of the American union, all the West Indian Islands, and the countries of South and Central America and Africa. These 40 million people are working to convert the rest of the 400 million scattered all over the world and it is for this purpose that we are asking you to join our ranks and to do the best you can to help us to bring about an emancipated race. If anything praiseworthy is to be done, it must be done through unity. And it is for that reason that the Universal Negro Improvement Association calls upon every Negro in the United States to rally to its standard. We want to unite the Negro race in this country. We want every Negro to work for one common object, that of building a nation of his own on the great continent of Africa. That all Negroes all over the world are working for the establishment of a government in Africa means that it will be realized in another few years. We want the moral and financial support of every Negro to make the dream a possibility. Already this organization has established itself in Liberia, West Africa, and has endeavored to do all that's possible to develop that Negro country to become a great industrial and commercial commonwealth. Pioneers have been sent by this organization to Liberia and they are now laying the foundation upon which the 400 million Negroes of the world will build. If you believe that the Negro has a soul, if you believe that the Negro is a man, if you believe the Negro was endowed with the senses commonly given to other men by the Creator, then you must acknowledge that what other men have done, Negroes can do. We want to build up cities, nations, governments, industries of our own in Africa, so that we will be able to have the chance to rise from the lowest to the highest positions in the African commonwealth. 1. E. David Cronon, Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), 12. 2. Lawrence W. Levine, "Marcus Garvey and the Politics of Revitalization," in Black Leaders of the 20th Century, ed. John Hope Franklin and August Meier (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), 119. 3. Ibid., 120. 4. UCLA Marcus Garvey papers, http://www.isop.ucla.edu/africa/mgpp/ sound.asp. 5. Andre Millard, America on Record, 262. 6. Ibid., 193-95; 203.
Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., National Hero of Jamaica(17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940[1]), was a publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, Black Nationalist, Pan-Africanist, and orator. Marcus Garvey was founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL).[2] Prior to the twentieth century, leaders such as Prince Hall, Martin Delany, Edward Wilmot Blyden, and Henry Highland Garnet advocated the involvement of the African diaspora in African affairs. Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement on Africa known as Garveyism.[2] Promoted by the UNIA as a movement of African Redemption, Garveyism would eventually inspire others, ranging from the Nation of Islam, to the Rastafari Movement (which proclaims Garvey as a prophet). The intention of the movement was for those of African ancestry to redeem African and for the former colonial powers to leave it. The idea that African Americans should return to Africa was known as the Colonist Movement. His essential ideas about Africa were stated in an editorial in the Negro World entitled ”African Fundamentalism“ where he wrote:
Garvey was born in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, on August 17, 1887, to Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Sr., a mason, and Sarah Jane Richards, a domestic worker and farmer. Of eleven siblings, only Marcus and his sister Indiana reached maturity.[4] Garvey's father was known to have a large library, and it was from his father that Marcus gained his love for reading.[2][5] Sometime in the year 1900, Garvey entered into an apprenticeship with his uncle, Alfred Burrowes. Like Garvey Sr., Burrowes had an extensive library, of which young Garvey made good use.[6][7] When he was about fourteen, Garvey left St. Ann's Bay for Kingston, where he found employment as a compositor in the printing house of P. A. Benjamin, Limited. He was a master printer and foreman at Benjamin when, in November 1907, he was elected vice-president of the Kingston Union. However, he was fired when he joined a strike by printers in late 1908. Having been blacklisted for his stance in the strike, he later found work at the Government Printing Office. In 1909, his newspaper The Watchman began publication, but it only lasted for three issues. In 1910 Garvey left Jamaica and began traveling throughout the Central American region. He lived in Costa Rica for several months, where he worked as a time-keeper on a banana plantation. He began work as editor for a daily newspaper entitled La Nacionale in 1911. Later that year, he moved to Colón, Panama, where he edited a biweekly newspaper before returning to Jamaica in 1912. After years of working in the Caribbean, Garvey left Jamaica to live in London from 1912 to 1914, where he attended Birkbeck College, worked for the African Times and Orient Review, published by Dusé Mohamed Ali, and sometimes spoke at Hyde Park's Speakers' Corner. [edit] Founding and Projects of the UNIA-ACLDuring his travels, Garvey became convinced that uniting Blacks was the only way to improve their condition. Towards that end, he departed England on 14 June 1914 aboard the S.S. Trent, reaching Jamaica on 15 July 1914. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in August 1914 as a means of uniting all of Africa and its diaspora into "one grand racial hierarchy." Amy Ashwood, who would later be Garvey's first wife, was among the founders. As the group's first President-General, Garvey's goal was "to unite all people of African ancestry of the world to one great body to establish a country and absolute government of their own."[8] Following much reflection the following day and night about what he learned, he named the organization the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities (Imperial) League."[9] After corresponding with Booker T. Washington, Garvey arrived in the U.S. on 23 March 1916 aboard the S.S. Tallac to give a lecture tour and to raise funds to establish a school in Jamaica modeled after Washington's Tuskegee Institute. Garvey visited Tuskegee, and afterward, visited with a number of Black leaders. After moving to New York, he found work as a printer by day. He was influenced by Hubert Harrison. At night he would speak on street corners, much like he did in London's Hyde Park. It was then that Garvey perceived a leadership vacuum among people of African ancestry. On 9 May 1916, he held his first public lecture in New York City at St Mark's Church in-the-Bowery and undertook a 38-state speaking tour. In May 1917, Garvey and thirteen others formed the first UNIA division outside Jamaica and began advancing ideas to promote social, political, and economic freedom for Blacks. On July 2, the East St. Louis riots broke out. On July 8, Garvey delivered an address, entitled "The Conspiracy of the East St. Louis Riots," at Lafayette Hall in Harlem. During the speech, he declared the riot was "one of the bloodiest outrages against mankind." By October, rancor within the UNIA had begun to set in. A split occurred in the Harlem division, with Garvey enlisted to become its leader; although he technically held the same position in Jamaica. Garvey next set about the business of developing a program to improve the conditions of those of African ancestry "at home and abroad" under UNIA auspices. On 17 August 1918, publication of the widely distributed Negro World newspaper began. Garvey worked as an editor without pay until November 1920. By June 1919 the membership of the organization had grown to over two million. On 27 June 1919, the Black Star Line of Delaware, was incorporated by the members of the UNIA with Garvey as President. By September, it obtained its first ship. Much fanfare surrounded the inspection of the S.S. Yarmouth and its rechristening as the S.S. Frederick Douglass on 14 September 1919. Such a rapid accomplishment garnered attention from many. One person who noticed was Edwin P. Kilroe, Assistant District Attorney in the District Attorney's office of the County of New York. Kilroe began an investigation into the activities of the UNIA, without finding any evidence of wrongdoing or mismanagement. After being called to Kilroe's office numerous times, Garvey wrote an editorial on Kilroe's activities for the Negro World. Garvey was arrested and indicted for criminal libel in relation to the article, but charges were dismissed after Garvey published a retraction. While in his Harlem office at 56 West 156th Street on 14 October 1919, Garvey received a visit from George Tyler, who told him that Kilroe "had sent him" to get Garvey. Tyler then pulled a .38-caliber revolver and fired four shots, wounding Garvey in the right leg and scalp. Garvey was taken to the hospital and Tyler arrested. The next day, it was let out that Tyler had committed suicide by leaping from the third tier of the Harlem jail as he was being taken to his arraignment. By August 1920, the UNIA claimed four million members. That month, the International Convention of the UNIA was held. With delegates from all over the world in attendance, over 25,000 people filled Madison Square Garden on August 1 to hear Garvey speak. Another of Garvey's ventures was the Negro Factories Corporation. His plan called for creating the infrastructure to manufacture every marketable commodity in every big U.S. industrial center, as well as in Central America, the West Indies, and Africa. Related endeavors included a grocery chain, restaurant, publishing house, and other businesses.
Convinced that Blacks should have a permanent homeland in Africa, Garvey sought to develop Liberia. The Liberia program, launched in 1920, was intended to build colleges, universities, industrial plants, and railroads as part of an industrial base from which to operate. However, it was abandoned in the mid-1920s after much opposition from European powers with interests in Liberia. In response to suggestions that he wanted to take all Americans of African ancestry back to Africa, he wrote, "We do not want all the Negroes in Africa. Some are no good here, and naturally will be no good there."[10] Garvey has been credited with creating the biggest movement of people of African descent. This movement that took place in the 1920s is said to have had more participation from people of African descent than the Civil Rights Movement. In essence the UNIA was the largest Pan-African movement. [edit] Charge of mail fraudIn a memorandum dated 11 October 1919[11], J. Edgar Hoover, special assistant to the Attorney General, and head of the General Intelligence Division (or "anti-radical division") [12] of The Bureau of Investigation or BOI (after 1935, the Federal Bureau of Investigation),[13] wrote a memorandum to Special Agent Ridgely regarding Marcus Garvey. In the memo, Hoover wrote that:
Sometime around November 1919 an investigation by the BOI was begun into the activities of Garvey and the UNIA. Toward this end, the BOI hired James Edward Amos, Arthur Lowell Brent, Thomas Leon Jefferson, James Wormley Jones, and Earl E. Titus as its first five African-American agents. Although initial efforts by the BOI were to find grounds upon which to deport Garvey as "an undesirable alien", a charge of mail fraud was brought against Garvey in connection with stock sales of the Black Star Line after the U.S. Post Office and the Attorney General joined the investigation.[15] The accusation centered on the fact that the corporation had not yet purchased a ship with the name "Phyllis Wheatley". Although one was pictured with that name emblazoned on its bow on one of the company's stock brochures, it had not actually been purchased by the BSL and still had the name Orion. The prosecution produced as evidence a single empty envelope which it claimed contained the brochure. During the trial, a man by the name of Benny Dancy testified that he didn't remember what was in the envelope, although he regularly received brochures from the Black Star Line. Another witness for the prosecution, Schuyler Cargill, perjured himself after admitting[16] to having been told to mention certain dates in his testimony by Chief Prosecutor Maxwell S. Mattuck. Furthermore, he admitted that he could not remember the names of any coworkers in the office, including the timekeeper who punched employees' time cards. Ultimately, he acknowledged being told to lie by Postal Inspector F.E. Shea. [17] He said Shea told him to state that he mailed letters containing the purportedly fraudulent brochures. The Black Star Line did own and operate several ships over the course of its history and was in the process of negotiating for the disputed ship at the time the charges were brought. Of the four Black Star Line officers charged in connection with the enterprise, only Garvey was found guilty of using the mail service to defraud. His supporters called the trial fraudulent. While there were serious accounting irregularities within the Black Star Line and the claims he used to sell Black Star Line stock could be considered misleading, Garvey's supporters still contest that the prosecution was a politically motivated miscarriage of justice, given the above-mentioned false statement testimony and Hoover's explicit regret that Garvey had committed no crimes. When the trial ended on 23 June 1923, Garvey had been sentenced to five years in prison. He initially spent three months in the Tombs Jail awaiting approval of bail. While on bail, he continued to maintain his innocence, travel, speak and organize the UNIA. After numerous attempts at appeal were unsuccessful, he was taken into custody and began serving his sentence at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary on 8 February 1925.[18] Two days later, he penned his well known "First Message to the Negroes of the World From Atlanta Prison" wherein he makes his famous proclamation:
Professor Judith Stein has stated, ”his politics were on trial.“[20] Garvey's sentence was eventually commuted by President Calvin Coolidge. Upon his release in November 1927, Garvey was deported via New Orleans to Jamaica, where a large crowd met him at Orrett's Wharf in Kingston. A huge procession and band converged on UNIA headquarters. [edit] CriticismWhile W. E. B. Du Bois expressed the Black Star Line was ”original and promising,“[21] he also said: ”Marcus Garvey is, without doubt, the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race in America and in the world. He is either a lunatic or a traitor.“[22] Du Bois feared that Garvey's activities would undermine his efforts toward black rights. Garvey suspected Du Bois was prejudiced against him because he was a Caribbean native with darker skin. Du Bois once described Marcus Garvey as "a little fat black man, ugly, but with intelligent eyes and a big head."[citation needed] Garvey called Du Bois ”purely and simply a white man's nigger" and "a little Dutch, a little French, a little Negro … a mulatto … a monstrosity.“ This led to an acrimonious relationship between Garvey and the NAACP.[23] Garvey accused Du Bois of paying conspirators to sabotage the Black Star Line to destroy his reputation.[24] Garvey recognized the influence of the Ku Klux Klan, and in early 1922, he went to Atlanta, Georgia for a conference with KKK imperial giant Edward Young Clarke. According to Garvey, ”I regard the Klan, the Anglo-Saxon clubs and White American societies, as far as the Negro is concerned, as better friends of the race than all other groups of hypocritical whites put together. I like honesty and fair play. You may call me a Klansman if you will, but, potentially, every white man is a Klansman, as far as the Negro in competition with whites socially, economically and politically is concerned, and there is no use lying.“[25] After Garvey's entente with the Ku Klux Klan, a number of African American leaders appealed to U.S. Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty to have Garvey incarcerated.[26] [edit] Later yearsGarvey travelled to Geneva in 1928 to present the Petition of the Negro Race, which outlined the worldwide abuse of Africans, to the League of Nations. In September 1929, he founded the People's Political Party (PPP), Jamaica's first modern political party, which focused on workers' rights, education, and aid to the poor. Also in 1929 Garvey was elected councilor for the Allman Town Division of the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation (KSAC). He lost his seat, however, because of having to serve a prison sentence for contempt of court, but in 1930, he was re-elected, unopposed, along with two other PPP candidates. In April 1931 Garvey launched the Edelweiss Amusement Company, which he set up to help artists earn their livelihood from their craft. Several Jamaican entertainers — Kidd Harold, Ernest Cupidon, Bim & Bam, and Ranny Williams — went on to become popular after receiving initial exposure that the company gave them. In 1935 Garvey left Jamaica for London, where he lived and worked until his death in 1940. During these last five years, he remained active and in touch with events in war-torn Ethiopia (then known as Abyssinia) and the West Indies. In 1938, he gave evidence before the West Indian Royal Commission on conditions there. Also in 1938 he set up the School of African Philosophy in Toronto to train UNIA leaders. He continued to work on the magazine The Black Man. In 1937 a group of his American supporters, called the Peace Movement of Ethiopia, openly collaborated with Mississippi Senator Theodore Bilbo in the promotion of a repatriation scheme introduced in the US Congress as the Greater Liberia Act. In the Senate, Bilbo was a supporter of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. Bilbo was an outspoken supporter of segregation and white supremacy and, attracted by the ideas of Black separatists like Garvey, Bilbo proposed an amendment to the federal work-relief bill on June 6, 1938, proposing to deport 12 million black Americans to Liberia at federal expense to relieve unemployment.[27] He took the time to write a book titled Take Your Choice, Separation or Mongrelization, advocating the idea. Garvey praised him in return, saying that Bilbo had "done wonderfully well for the Negro".[28] During this period, the grandmother of the current (55th) Governor of New York, David Paterson served as his secretary. [edit] DeathSee also: List of premature obituaries On June 10, 1940, Garvey died after two strokes, putatively after reading a mistaken, and negative, obituary of himself in the Chicago Defender which stated, in part, that Garvey died "broke, alone and unpopular".[29] Because of travel conditions during World War II, he was interred at Kensal Green Cemetery in London. Rumours claimed that Garvey was in fact poisoned on a boat on which he was travelling and that was where and how he actually died. In 1964, his remains were exhumed and taken to Jamaica. On 15 November 1964, the government of Jamaica, having proclaimed him Jamaica's first national hero, re-interred him at a shrine in National Heroes Park. [edit] Personal lifeMarcus Garvey was married twice: to the Jamaican Pan-African activist Amy Ashwood (married 1919, divorced 1922), who worked with him in the early years of UNIA; then to the journalist and publisher Amy Jacques (married 1922). The latter was mother to his two sons, Marcus Jr. and Julius. [edit] Influence The UNIA flag uses three colors: red, black and green. Garvey's memory has been kept alive.[30] Schools, colleges, highways, and buildings in Africa, Europe, the Caribbean, and the United States have been named in his honor. The UNIA red, black, and green flag has been adopted as the Black Liberation Flag. Since 1980, Garvey's bust has been housed in the Organization of American States' Hall of Heroes in Washington, D.C. Malcolm X's parents, Earl and Louise Little, met at a UNIA convention in Montreal. Earl was the president of the UNIA division in Omaha, Nebraska and sold the Negro World newspaper while Louise was a contributor to the Negro World. Kwame Nkrumah named the national shipping line of Ghana the Black Star Line in honor of Garvey and the UNIA. Nkrumah also named the national soccer team the Black Stars as well. The black star at the center of Ghana's flag is also inspired by the Black Star Line. Flag of Ghana During a trip to Jamaica, Martin Luther King and his wife Coretta Scott King visited the shrine of Marcus Garvey on 20 June 1965 and laid a wreath.[31] In a speech he told the audience that Garvey "was the first man of color to lead and develop a mass movement. He was the first man on a mass scale and level to give millions of Negroes a sense of dignity and destiny. And make the Negro feel he was somebody."[32] King was also the posthumous recipient of the first Marcus Garvey Prize for Human Rights on 10 December 1968 issued by the Jamaican Government and presented to King's widow. The United States of Africa first saw light in a 1924 poem by Garvey and is still discussed. There have been pop culture references to Marcus Garvey since he first came on the international scene. Garvey is cited repeatedly in a diverse variety of books, songs and films. He is mentioned particularly frequently in blues, reggae, jazz and hip hop music. In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Marcus Garvey on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[33] [edit] Garvey and RastafariRastafarians consider Garvey a religious prophet, and sometimes even the reincarnation of Saint John the Baptist. This is partly because of his frequent statements uttered in speeches throughout the 1920s, usually along the lines of "Look to Africa, when a black king shall be crowned for the day of deliverance is at hand!"[34] His beliefs deeply influenced the Rastafari, who took his statements as a prophecy of the crowning of Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. Early Rastas were associated with his Back-to-Africa movement in Jamaica. This early Rastafari movement was also influenced by a separate, proto-Rasta movement known as the Afro-Athlican Church that was outlined in a religious text known as the Holy Piby — where Garvey was proclaimed to be a prophet as well. Thus, the Rastafari movement can be seen as an offshoot of Garveyite philosophy. As his beliefs have greatly influenced Rastafari, he is often mentioned in reggae music. Garvey himself never identified with the Rastafari movement
4/09/09 These are the assignments that have been due since the beginning of the semester: 1) a persuasive speech, five minutes in length, please document sources, refute any opposing argument and show knowledge of the opposing argument, be prepared to answer any questions 2) an informative speech, five minutes in length, it must not be general knowledge; be prepared for questions and answer session 3) Marcus Garvey debate: if you missed the debate, please defend one side and refute opposing viewpoints (2-3 pages); write a debate assessment (2-3 pages) showing your contribution to the debate 4) Booker T. Washington debate: the same as above 5) Afghanistan debate: this debate is in progress. The debate is the following: We should withdraw troops from Afghanistan because the war will become Obama's Vietnam or Iraq War (for team). The against team will argue that we should remain in Afghanistan. Here is an article against Obama's policy to escalate the war in Afghanistan: against Here is another article about the 83.4 billion dollar price tag of escalation: price Here is an article saying that Afghanistan will be different from Vietnam: different Here is an article about the Afghanistan war, comparing it to a mistake: mistake
For the against team, here is an article about Al Qaida in Afghanistan: Al-Qaida Obama's statement on why we need to capture Al Qaida: Obama Obama may increase troops in Iraq because of threat of Al Qaida in Iraq and Afghanistan: Iraq
4/21/09
Assignments due: * Marcus Garvey debate assessment * Booker T. Washington debate assessment * Afghanistan debate assessment * Informative speech * Persuasive Speech Final Exam topic: Should America invest in a government sponsored health care program that would be affordable to all Americans or would this be too expensive during a recession? Take a side, rebut the opposing argument, and draw your conclusion for your final exam essay. Here are some links to the topic: health video reform costs economy unhealthy battle singlepayer publicplan universal
[edit] Debate in the United StatesThe following is a listing of universal health care pros and cons as argued by supporters and opponents.
Common arguments forwarded by opponents of universal health care systems include:
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